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宇宙工学・惑星科学・宇宙物理の最新プレプリント。

astro-ph.EP

A faint dust ring beyond the compact disk of Sz 76

Giulia Ricciardi, Anna Miotello, Karina Mauco, Carlo F. Manara, Stefano Facchini, Agnes Kóspál, Juan M. Alcalá, Jochen Eislöeffel et al.

We report new ALMA Band 7 high-resolution ($\sim$0.05$^{''}$) continuum and $^{12}\text{CO}\ (J=3\text{--}2)$ observations of the disk around the young low-mass star Sz 76. Visibility-plane modeling reveals a previously undetected, faint outer dust ring centered at $\sim$45 au surrounding the compact central disk. Including this low-surface-brightness feature increases the characteristic dust radius from $R_{\text{dust,68}} \approx 7$ au to $41$ au. Combined with an outer gas extent of $R_{\text…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP

A Jupiter-like radio aurora in the L3.5 dwarf LSPM J0036+1821

D. Martín-Carrero, J. B. Climent, P. A. Miles-Páez, J. Balmón-Antón, J. C. Guirado, M. M. Kao, C. O'Toole, J. S. Pineda et al.

Ultracool dwarfs exhibit radio emission revealing strong magnetic fields and complex magnetospheric processes. Their auroral emission resembles that observed in magnetized Solar System planets, providing a framework to investigate their magnetic topology. We aim to characterize the magnetic activity, rotation, and atmospheric variability of the L3.5 dwarf LSPM J0036+1821 through a multiwavelength analysis. We conducted a long-term monitoring campaign combining radio observations from the Very La…

astro-ph.HE

Dynamical pairing in gravitational wave populations

Fabio Antonini, Aleksandra Olejak, Isobel Romero-Shaw, Matthew Mould

Binary black holes formed dynamically in star clusters are often associated with nearly equal-mass pairing. We show that this expectation is incomplete. The more general prediction of dynamical assembly is an ordered-pairing relation in which the two black holes are drawn independently from a common one--body mass spectrum and then ordered by mass. Once the primary-mass distribution is known, this relation fixes the conditional companion distribution $p(m_2\mid m_1)$. We validate this picture wi…

astro-ph.GA

Star Formation in the Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: a Comparison with the Outer Regions of Normal Galaxies

Anatoly Zasov, Natalia Zaitseva, Anna Saburova

Low surface brightness galaxies (LSB-galaxies) and the outer regions of disks of "normal" surface brightness galaxies (HSB-galaxies) are compared in terms of the radial distributions of star formation rates and efficiencies, as well as the Toomre stability parameter $Q_T$, using data from several samples of galaxies with high $HI$ content. It is shown that the dependences of the star formation rate $SFR$ on the $HI$ surface density and the star formation efficiency $SFE$ on the disk optical brig…

astro-ph.IM

A Deep Learning Approach to Improving the Arrival-Direction Accuracy of Gamma-Ray Air-Shower Measurements with the Tibet-III Air-Shower Array

S. Okukawa, M. Kobayashi, K. Hara, K. Hibino, Y. Katayose, K. Kawata, M. Ohnishi, T. K. Sako et al.

The Tibet AS$γ$ experiment observes cosmic gamma rays from several teraelectron volts to the petaelectron volt range using an array of ground-based surface air-shower detectors (Tibet-III), which is composed of plastic scintillators. The arrival direction is conventionally reconstructed by fitting the shower front to detector hit-timing data, and the resulting angular resolution is approximately 0.5$^\circ$ to 0.2$^\circ$ in the energy range from 10 to 100 TeV. In this study, to further improve…

astro-ph.HE

Gamma-rays from black hole coronae: disentangling the leptonic and hadronic contributions

Sébastien Le Bihan, Daniel Grošelj, Martin Lemoine

IceCube detections of TeV neutrinos from nearby Seyfert galaxies imply, if confirmed, that the accompanying gamma rays are substantially reprocessed down to the MeV range by electromagnetic cascades, which places multi-messenger constraints on neutrino emission models. However, gamma rays can also be produced by the primary nonthermal electrons of the X-ray corona, as recent radiative kinetic simulations of magnetized turbulence have shown. To disentangle the leptonic and hadronic contributions,…

astro-ph.SR

A Novel Approach to Identify Unseen Companions: An In-Depth study of GDR3 220_28

T. B. Cysil, Blesson Mathew, B. Shridharan, S. Muneer, Pramod Kumar S, S. Nidhi, Sreeja S Kartha, Suman Bhattacharyya et al.

Emission lines in the spectrum and the excess seen in the spectral energy distribution (SED) at infrared (IR) wavelengths serve as crucial indicators of accretion activity and the presence of gas and dust in the circumstellar environment of a young star. As accretion ceases over several million years, the H$α$ emission diminishes. However, IR excess combined with negligible H$α$ emission could also extend to indicate certain close binary systems, where a circumbinary disk contributes to the obse…

astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IM

Registering Gaia positions on VLBI images: constraining opacity-driven core shift in B 1038+528 / B 1038+529

M. H. Xu, Y. Y. Kovalev

Because of the complex and time-variable radio structure of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), absolute astrometric positions cannot generally be registered unambiguously with specific features in VLBI images. We aim to register Gaia optical centroids on VLBI images with about 0.1 mas accuracy and to locate the optical emission relative to the radio core in the quasar pair B 1038+528 and B 1038+529, in which the opacity-driven core shift was first discovered. We combine the relative position of the…

astro-ph.HE

Remnant-wide mapping of heterogeneous presupernova burning histories in the O-rich ejecta of Cassiopeia A

Yui Kuboike, Toshiki Sato, Kai Matsunaga

Late-stage shell interactions, including shell mergers, can mix material across adjacent burning shells and imprint chemically inhomogeneous structures in the hydrostatic O-rich layers before core collapse. Whether such inhomogeneities survive the explosion and remain observable in the resulting supernova remnant is not well understood. We investigate the spatial and compositional structure of the O-rich ejecta in Cassiopeia A using deep Chandra X-ray observations. Principal component analysis o…

astro-ph.EPastro-ph.IM

A comparison between particle and fluid approaches for streaming instability in global patch simulations

Dominik Hetzel Ostertag, Mario Flock, Paul Rosendahl, Andrea Mignone, Jeonghoon Lim, Jacob B. Simon

Identifying the process relevant to planet formation is still a major task. Mechanisms have been identified that can trap dust, preventing it from migrating inwards. A particular hydrodynamic instability, known as the streaming instability, is of high interest because it may be responsible for the formation of dust clumps from which the first planetesimals form. We aim to compare the outcome of non-linear streaming instability simulations using both fundamental approaches in a more realistic glo…

astro-ph.GA

SAGE26 Paper I: Modelling the baryon cycle from cosmic dawn to the present day

Michael Bradley, Darren J. Croton, Robert Adriel Mostoghiu Paun, Dhruba Dutta Chowdhury, Jayde Willingham

We present SAGE26, a comprehensive update to the Semi-Analytic Galaxy Evolution (SAGE) model. SAGE26 integrates five observationally motivated improvements: (1) distinct circumgalactic medium and hot-halo gas physics, (2) molecular hydrogen for star formation, (3) velocity- and redshift-dependent supernova feedback, (4) bulge radii tracking through time, and (5) feedback-free burst galaxies. Each improvement works to regulate galaxy formation from cosmic dawn to the present. Most significantly,…

astro-ph.HE

$r$-Process as Production of Lanthanides from Compact Object Mergers

Li-ming Zhuo, Hou-Jun Lü, Xiao-Xuan Liu, Meng-Hua Chen, En-Wei Liang

The relative contributions of binary neutron star (BNS) and black hole-neutron star (BH-NS) mergers to the Galactic enrichment from the rapid neutron-capture process ($r$-process) remain an open question in nuclear astrophysics. In this paper, we present end-to-end numerical simulations of binary population synthesis, nucleosynthesis, and Galactic chemical evolution (GCE) via Compact Object Mergers Population Astrophysics and Statistics (COMPAS), SkyNet network, and a stochastic multi-zone model…

astro-ph.HE

Evidence for a Similar Physical Origin Between Prompt Emission and X-Ray Flares of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Wen-Yuan Yu, Wen-Long Zhang, Hou-Jun Lü

Statistical properties of X-ray flares are highly similar to those of the prompt emission in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), suggesting that they may share a common physical origin (e.g., central engine activity). However, comparable statistical studies of afterglow X-ray flares and prompt gamma-ray pulses that are not observed simultaneously remain incomplete. In this paper, by systematically searching for gamma-ray emission simultaneous with X-ray flares, we identify 38 GRBs containing 50 pulse--flar…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA

Light curve spectral energy distribution fitting of 13 carbon-rich Mira variables stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud

A. Liberatori, M. Trabucchi, D. Hatzidimitriou, M. A. T. Groenewegen, A. Bressan, G. Pastorelli, L. Girardi, K. Shepherd et al.

Carbon-rich Mira variables are highly dynamic stars characterized by large-amplitude radial pulsations and intense mass-loss. Standard spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting often relies on time-averaged observations, which flatten intrinsic variability and yield only approximate stellar and circumstellar parameters. To overcome these limitations, we dynamically trace the physical parameters of 13 carbon-rich Miras in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) throughout their pulsation cycles. Combin…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GAastro-ph.HEastro-ph.IM

ASTRAL: A Framework for Optimal Placement and Emulation of Stellar Evolution Models

Trevor Gravely, Marko Ristić, Brandon Barker

Generating dense grids of detailed stellar evolution simulations is computationally prohibitive, as resolving progressively complex nucleosynthesis chains and dynamical timescales incurs a rapidly increasing computational cost that scales with dimensionality and resolution. Existing simulation grids are sparse, heterogeneous, and often cover disparate regions of parameter space, limiting (direct) systematic comparison and broader generalization to downstream science analyses. We present ASTRAL (…

physics.hist-phastro-ph.HE

The contribution of Soviet scientists to the emergence of high-energy neutrino astrophysics: from the Cherenkov effect to underwater and in-ice telescopes

Bakhromzod Rizoi

The 2026 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Francis Halzen @for decisive contributions to the IceCube Neutrino Observatory and the discovery of high-energy neutrinos of astrophysical origin.@ This article examines the Soviet contribution to the broader historical development of high-energy neutrino astrophysics. Four interconnected strands are distinguished: the physics of Cherenkov radiation and its application to cosmic rays; early proposals for large-scale neutrino detection underground an…

astro-ph.GA

Complex Organic Molecules in Protostars with ALMA Spectral Surveys (COMPASS) V. Tracing cavity walls and shocked knots with nonthermally desorbed CH$_3$OH in BHR71-IRS1

H. -S. Yun, J. -E. Lee, J. K. Jørgensen, A. Coutens, A. L. Plunkett, M. N. Drozdovskaya, A. Belloche, J. -H. Jeong et al.

Complex organic molecules are detected in both cold molecular clouds and the warm inner regions of protostars. Whether they are eventually inherited by protostars and planets or whether their chemistry is reset by in situ reactions remains unclear. Understanding the desorption mechanisms of these molecules is essential for tracing their chemical evolution. As part of the ALMA Large Program Complex Organic Molecules in Protostars with ALMA Spectral Surveys (COMPASS), we investigate the CH$_3$OH e…

astro-ph.HEnucl-th

Axion effects on hybrid stars: earlier hadron-quark phase transition and larger quark-matter cores

Yu-Heng Liu, He Liu, Hong-Ming Liu, Min Ju, Xu-Hao Wu, Peng-Cheng Chu

We investigate the effects of axions on the properties of hybrid stars and the possible hadron-quark phase transition in their cores within the Maxwell construction. The hadronic phase is described by the improved isospin- and momentum-dependent interaction (ImMDI) model, while the quark phase is modeled by a three-flavor Nambu--Jona-Lasinio (NJL) model with an axion-modified Kobayashi-Maskawa-'t Hooft (KMT) interaction. Based on the obtained equation of state, we analyze the properties of hybri…

astro-ph.HE

Polarised X-ray emission from the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4-3658 during an X-ray outburst and a type-I X-ray burst

A. Papitto, A. Di Marco, M. C. Baglio, D. Baldi Tomei, C. Ballocco, G. Illiano, R. La Placa, C. Malacaria et al.

Modelling the X-ray pulse profiles of accreting millisecond pulsars (AMSPs) is a key technique to constrain the masses and radii of neutron stars. To this end, measuring the properties of polarised X-rays provides crucial information on the system geometry. We present the significant detection by IXPE of linearly polarised 2-8 keV X-rays during the decay of the 2025 outburst of the 2.5 ms AMSP SAX J1808.4-3658, with an average polarisation degree of $2.9\%\pm0.5\%$ and a polarisation angle of $4…

astro-ph.HE

The Prompt Emission of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Population III Stars

Nathan Walker, Davide Lazzati, Tyler Parsotan, Rosalba Perna, Matteo Cantiello, Jake Hassan, Brian Morsony

Population (Pop) III stars, the first generation of stars in the Universe, have eluded direct detection for decades. The advent of the James Webb Space Telescope, with its unprecedented sensitivity to high-redshift sources, has renewed interest in the prospects for identifying these primordial stars. While previous studies have explored the direct detection of Pop III stars through gravitational lensing, here we investigate an alternative approach: identifying Pop III stars through gamma-ray bur…

gr-qcastro-ph.HE

Anisotropic Fluid Model for Massive Boson Stars: Spherically Symmetric Configurations

Ethan McKeever, Victor Guedes, Shu Yan Lau, Kent Yagi

Boson stars are among the best-studied exotic compact objects and constitute one of the few black-hole mimickers for which both the formation mechanism and dynamical behavior can be investigated from first principles. Constructing boson star solutions is generally more challenging than constructing neutron star solutions, often requiring either extremely accurate initial guesses for the oscillation frequency or the use of computationally intensive relaxation methods to solve the field equations.…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.EP

The Fast Transient Foreground Fog of LSST

G. Megias Homar, S. R. Kulkarni, C. S. Lage, J. A. Tyson, S. M. Kahn, F. A. Harrison

Studies with 1-m class telescopes have now established that glints from satellites and space debris are the main obstacles to searches for sub-minute optical transients. Here, we report a study of this foreground using observations from the Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) with the Simonyi 8.4-m telescope at the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. From 2,955 pairs of consecutive 30-s exposures, spanning 4,755 deg$^2$ of unique sky area and an area-time coverage of 472 deg$^2$ hr, we identified a po…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.EPcs.AI

Constrained Diffusion for Data-Scarce Orbital Monte Carlo in Constellation Tasking

Omar Ramadan, Sam Siavoshian, Amir Kashif Saeed, Benjamin A. Johnson, Amin M. E. -A. Diab, Benjamin M. Rodriguez

Constellation Monte Carlo results depend on the orbital population used to evaluate a tasking policy. With scarce reference trajectories, replay limits geometric diversity, while independent orbital-element jitter can violate physical constraints. We study constrained diffusion for orbital-population augmentation. A force-conditioned diffusion model learns a 13-dimensional orbital prior, recovering semimajor axis from perigee altitude and eccentricity; Basilisk propagates each sample under one o…

gr-qcastro-ph.HE

Toward a complete understanding of the properties of GW190521

Aasim Jan, Sophia Nicolella, Aaron Zimmerman, Deirdre Shoemaker, Katerina Chatziioannou, Richard O'Shaughnessy, Muhammed Saleem

Interpreting GW190521 remains challenging due to its exceptionally high total mass and correspondingly small number of observable gravitational-wave cycles, which gives rise to degeneracies between different physical interpretations. Motivated by the outstanding questions surrounding the event, we present a comprehensive reanalysis of GW190521 using waveform models drawn from multiple families, including a model that includes both eccentricity and spin-precession. We find evidence that the sourc…

astro-ph.SR

Effects of Magnetic Fields on Solar Inertial Modes in Global Nonlinear Simulations

Conrado S. Finotti, Gustavo Guerrero, Santiago A. Triana, Mausumi Dikpati, Piotr K. Smolarkiewicz

Solar inertial modes are increasingly viewed as probes of the solar interior, with recent helioseismic evidence indicating that these modes may be sensitive to the internal magnetic field. We investigate the role of magnetic fields on inertial mode excitation and dynamics using global nonlinear MHD simulations with differential rotation forced toward a helioseismically derived profile. Initial poloidal fields of varying strengths and topologies self-consistently generate different toroidal field…

astro-ph.EP

Detection of escaping magnesium in the upper atmosphere of WASP-76b

Lakeisha M. Ramos Rosado, Leonardo A. Dos Santos, Joshua D. Lothringer, David K. Sing, Johanna Teske, Aline A. Vidotto, David Ehrenreich, Julia V. Seidel et al.

Near-ultraviolet (NUV) observations can uniquely probe low-density, high-altitude gas in ultra-hot Jupiters (UHJs) via strong resonance lines of metals. WASP-76b is a well-studied UHJ with prior detections of refractory metals and complex day-night chemistry, making it a prime target for atmospheric escape diagnostics in the NUV. We present HST/STIS E230M (2274 - 3119 $\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$) transmission spectroscopy of WASP-76b. While broad- (~ 200 $\mathring{\mathrm{A}}$) and narrow-band (4 $…

astro-ph.EP

Polarimetric Behaviour of (3200) Phaethon: New Observations with Implications for Surface Heterogeneity

Zuri Gray, Mikko Vuori, Eric MacLennan, Mikael Granvik, Karri Muinonen, Antti Penttilä, Mikael Turkki

The near-Earth asteroid (3200) Phaethon exhibits unusually high linear polarisation at large phase angles. Previous observations revealed a significant difference between apparitions: measurements obtained in 2016 showed a polarisation up to $\sim10$ percentage points higher than those obtained in 2017 at comparable phase angles. The distinct surface regions and viewing geometries sampled during the two apparitions have been suggested as possible explanations for this difference. Here, we presen…

astro-ph.IMphysics.ao-phphysics.geo-phphysics.soc-ph

Assessment of sky brightness in central Portugal: the Dark Sky destination "Aldeias do Xisto" case study

Domingos Barbosa, Dalmiro Maia, Bruno Morgado, Pedro Cruz, Bernardo Relvas, Valério Ribeiro, Allan Kardec de Almeida, Timothée Vaillant et al.

A combination of remote sensing techniques, open space data and field testing was developed to derive astronomical and meteorological parameters and assess Dark Sky brightness of the hitherto unstudied Schist Villages region in the mountainous Interior Center of Portugal. This study covered the period 2012-2017 and established the methodology for regular light pollution and sky brightness studies in the region using satellite imagery to reduce cost and time and increase accuracy of the final ana…

astro-ph.GA

(Monty Python and the) HoliGRALE: A Hybrid GRALE Lens Inversion Methodology Diagnostically Evaluated with Synthetic and Real Data

Derek Perera, Jori Liesenborgs, John H. Miller, Ashley Francis, Liliya L. R. Williams, Birendra Dhanasingham, Jose M. Diego

We present HoliGRALE (Hybrid, only light included, GRAvitational LEnsing), a hybrid lens modeling extension of the freeform method GRALE. HoliGRALE incorporates physically motivated parametric components within the freeform genetic algorithm GRALE. Using three synthetic clusters from IllustrisTNG, each of varying complexity, we evaluate its performance according to its accuracy in reconstructing the density distribution, image positions, magnifications, and time delays. We find that HoliGRALE ge…

astro-ph.GA

Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Exploring the complexity of quenching processes across time, environment, and mass through recently quenched galaxies

Euclid Collaboration, Z. Mao, L. Pozzetti, A. Enia, S. Quai, W. G. Hartley, M. Bolzonella, F. Gentile et al.

Recently quenched galaxies (RQGs) provide insights into galaxy quenching. We present a photometric and spectroscopic analysis of RQGs using the first Euclid Quick Data Release (Q1). Using rest-frame UVJ colours, we classify star-forming (SFGs), quiescent (QGs), and recently quenched galaxies at 0.2 0.5, suggesting earlier quenching in dense regions. RQGs show intermediate properties between SFGs and QGs in stellar mass, star-formation rate, specific star-formation rate, Sersic index, and radius.…