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宇宙工学・惑星科学・宇宙物理の最新プレプリント。

astro-ph.HEhep-th

Updated estimates of post-merger gravitational wave energy released in GW170817 and the maximum neutron star mass

Yong Chen, Bo Gao, Yong-Jia Huang, Shao-Peng Tang, Yi-Zhong Fan

In this work, benefiting from the increased sample of neutron stars with measured masses and radii as well as the incorporation of the chiral effective field theory and perturbative QCD constraints, the tidal parameter $κ_2^T$ is constrained to be $78^{+17}_{-11}$ (68.3% credible interval, mainly adopted in this work unless mentioned specifically) for the binary neutron stars involved in GW170817. Such a $κ_2^T$ is in favor of strong gravitational wave radiation in the post-merger phase and the…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP

Host-star metallicities and kinematics of directly imaged brown-dwarf companions

C. Swastik, R. K. Banyal, M. Muduli, S. Soni, A. Jino, S. Facchini, Z. Wahhaj, G. Lodato et al.

Brown dwarfs are common as free-floating objects but rare as close companions to Sun-like stars, a disparity known as the "brown-dwarf desert". Host-star metallicity can constrain whether these companions form mainly through metal-sensitive core accretion or through less metal-dependent disc or cloud fragmentation. We extend our homogeneous spectroscopic analysis of directly imaged planet hosts into the brown-dwarf regime and compare their metallicities with those of planet hosts and close-in br…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP

Host-star metallicities and kinematics of directly imaged brown-dwarf companions

C. Swastik, R. K. Banyal, M. Muduli, S. Soni, A. Jino, S. Facchini, Z. Wahhaj, G. Lodato et al.

Brown dwarfs are common as free-floating objects but rare as close companions to Sun-like stars, a disparity known as the "brown-dwarf desert". Host-star metallicity can constrain whether these companions form mainly through metal-sensitive core accretion or through less metal-dependent disc or cloud fragmentation. We extend our homogeneous spectroscopic analysis of directly imaged planet hosts into the brown-dwarf regime and compare their metallicities with those of planet hosts and close-in br…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.EPcs.NE

Graph neural networks for exoplanet atmospheres

Antonia Vojtekova, Kai Hou Yip, Ingo P. Waldmann, Nikolaos Nikolaou, Olivia Venot, Ahmed Faris Al-Refaie, Bruno Merín

Calculating disequilibrium chemistry in exoplanet atmospheres remains a significant computational bottleneck in atmospheric retrievals. The increasing observational precision from facilities such as JWST and the Ariel mission requires including disequilibrium chemistry in these analyses. Previous studies have demonstrated that neural networks can emulate kinetic chemistry, although their spatial inductive bias does not align with the topology of chemical reaction networks. This study introduces…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.EPastro-ph.GA

Quantifying the temperature-dependent yields of N$_2$ and N$_2$H$_4$ formation in vacuum-ultraviolet-irradiated NH$_3$ ice

P. Samarth, G. Fedoseev, S. Ioppolo, L. Hornekær, E. F. van Dishoeck, K. -J. Chuang

Gas--grain astrochemical models predict that a substantial fraction of elemental nitrogen in dense cores and protoplanetary disks is locked in molecular nitrogen (N$_2$), in the gas or ice phase, although interstellar N$_2$ ice has not been directly identified. Rosetta measurements at comet 67P/Churyumov--Gerasimenko showed strong N$_2$ depletion relative to CO, while NH$_3$ was the dominant detected nitrogen-bearing ice. We experimentally quantify the conversion of NH$_3$ ice into N$_2$ and N$_…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.GA

Pulsed ion deflection to overcome detector saturation in cryogenic ice sampling

P. Samarth, M. Bulak, D. Paardekooper, K. -J. Chuang, H. Linnartz

In 2014, we introduced a new experimental approach to study the UV photo-processing of cryogenic ices of astrophysical interest using laser ablation in combination with ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ToF-MS). The setup, MATRI$^2$CES (Mass Analytical Tool to Research Interstellar ICES), allowed us to detect newly formed species at low abundances. However, we found that with increasing molecular complexity, the detection of larger photoproducts was hindered by the dynamic range o…

astro-ph.GA

In situ characterization of volatile and refractory hydrocarbons produced by UV photolysis of interstellar C$_2$H$_2$ ice

P. Samarth, G. Fedoseev, M. Bulak, S. Ioppolo, L. Hornekær, E. F. van Dishoeck, H. Linnartz, K. -J. Chuang et al.

Acetylene (C$_2$H$_2$) is commonly observed in star-forming regions, young stellar objects, and the Solar System. Laboratory and theoretical studies have linked this simplest alkyne to volatile hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through UV- or cosmic-ray-driven chemistry, but it remains unclear whether refractory material can efficiently form through solid-state reactions of C$_2$H$_2$ on dust grains. We experimentally investigate the chemical complexity induced by UV irrad…

astro-ph.SR

Tidal Properties of White Dwarfs Admixed with Fermionic Dark Matter

G. A. Carvalho, J. D. V. Arbañil, I. A. Lacerda, J. G. Coelho

This study investigates the impact of fermionic dark matter (DM) on the structural and tidal properties of white dwarfs (WDs). Using a two-fluid general relativistic framework, we model stars with fixed DM mass fractions (${\rm MF}=M_{\rm DM}/M_{\rm NM} $), ranging from 0\% to 8\%, with zero representing the no DM scenario. Our results indicate that DM accumulation leads to a significant compactification of the star, reflected in increased surface gravity and compactness. Furthermore, we calcula…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA

Proto-Planetary Nebulae Are Not the Precursors of Planetary Nebulae With Close Binary Central Stars

Todd C. Hillwig, Bruce J. Hrivnak, David Jones

Proto-planetary nebulae are considered to be the evolutionary link between AGB stars and planetary nebulae. They possess many of the physical characteristics expected of such a link and provide valuable information about the evolutionary process in these objects. One important characteristic of proto-planetary nebulae is the prevalence of very strong bipolar and point-symmetric morphologies. In planetary nebulae, these shapes are widely considered to be the result of shaping by a binary companio…

astro-ph.IMastro-ph.CO

Optimising instrument concepts with Machine Learning: Application to CMB spectral distortion experiments

Xavier Coulon, Nabila Aghanim, Bruno Maffei

Understanding how instrumental and mission parameters affect the ability to measure faint astrophysical signals is a key challenge in the design of future experiments. This is particularly relevant for CMB spectral distortions, whose weak signals are affected by both instrumental effects and astrophysical foregrounds. We develop a method to explore and optimise the multidimensional parameter space of an astronomical instrument, and apply it to CMB spectral distortion measurements using the FOSSI…

astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA

Radiation Magneto-hydrodynamic Simulations of MRI with Zero-Net-Vertical-Flux: Necessity of Resolving the Thermal Scale For Strongly Magnetized Initial Conditions

Yi-Xian Chen, Yan-Fei Jiang, Jeremy Goodman

We perform 3D radiation magneto-hydrodynamic (RMHD) shearing-box simulations of local patches of optically thick accretion disks, applicable to sub-Eddington active galactic nuclei (AGN) at $\sim 1000$ gravitational radii around a supermassive black hole (SMBH) of $10^7-10^8M_\odot$. In particular, we set up zero-net-vertical-flux (ZNVF) simulations with strong net azimuthal fields ($B_y$) characterized by initial gas-to-magnetic pressure ratio $β_0$. We find that $β_0 \sim 1$ simulations relax…

astro-ph.EP

Uncovering temperate worlds: an updated look at the K2-3 system with ESPRESSO

Avidaan Srivastava, Emma Pimentel, Amélie Gressier, René Doyon, Melissa J. Hobson, Alessandro Sozzetti, Mario Damasso, Yann Alibert et al.

The K2-3 system is one of the most unique planetary systems as it features three transiting sub-Neptunes in decreasing order of radii, spanning the radius valley. In addition to that, the two outer planets are temperate in nature making this system a perfect laboratory for investigating the nature and formation of small potentially habitable worlds. We present new radial velocity data obtained during the ESPRESSO-GTO programme to add to the archival HARPS, HARPS-N and HIRES data for a total time…

astro-ph.HE

The Hidden Evolution of Gamma-Ray Burst Jets Revealed by Gravitational Waves

Gerardo Urrutia, Fabio De Colle, Agnieszka Janiuk, Claudia Moreno, Enrico Ramirez-Ruiz

Gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets can propagate through massive stars, where the high opacity of the stellar envelope traps electromagnetic radiation and limits observations of the jet at early times. Gravitational waves (GWs), in contrast, can escape these dense environments and provide direct information of the jet dynamics. Previous studies have shown that GRB jets can emit GWs at low frequencies, while high-frequency emission may arise from jet-driven cocoons. However, the cocoon contribution typic…

astro-ph.GAastro-ph.CO

JADES: Dynamical Measurements of Dark Matter Halo Masses at $z \approx 7$ Using Galaxy Pairs

Zihao Wu, Daniel J. Eisenstein, Benjamin D. Johnson, Lars Hernquist, Sandro Tacchella, Brant E. Robertson, Santiago Arribas, Andrew J. Bunker et al.

We present dynamical measurements of dark matter halo masses at $z\approx7$ using galaxy pairs. Galaxy pairs in the early Universe are usually in their first infall, before substantial orbital evolution or phase mixing. Their relative velocities closely trace the halo mass, especially when the pair separation is near the halo virial radius. In the TNG100 simulation, we find that dynamical mass estimators can recover halo masses with an intrinsic scatter of $\sim$0.2 dex. We apply this method to…

astro-ph.SR

Two Kepler red-giant eclipsing binaries as lower red-giant branch benchmarks for asteroseismic scaling relations. Dynamical masses and radii from JKTEBOP and PHOEBE-2 modeling

A. Hedlund, P. Gaulme, J. Jackiewicz, T. Appourchaux, E. Guenther, .

Space-based photometry has detected solar-like oscillations in thousands of stars, whose global seismic parameters yield stellar properties via the asteroseismic scaling relations. Because these relations systematically overestimate red-giant masses and radii empirical calibration is required. Double-lined eclipsing binaries hosting oscillating red giants provide precise dynamical masses and radii without external calibration, making them ideal benchmarks. We present KIC 8129189 and KIC 10920813…

astro-ph.SR

Two Kepler red-giant eclipsing binaries as lower red-giant branch benchmarks for asteroseismic scaling relations. Dynamical masses and radii from JKTEBOP and PHOEBE-2 modeling

A. Hedlund, P. Gaulme, J. Jackiewicz, T. Appourchaux, E. Guenther

Space-based photometry has detected solar-like oscillations in thousands of stars, whose global seismic parameters yield stellar properties via the asteroseismic scaling relations. Because these relations systematically overestimate red-giant masses and radii empirical calibration is required. Double-lined eclipsing binaries hosting oscillating red giants provide precise dynamical masses and radii without external calibration, making them ideal benchmarks. We present KIC 8129189 and KIC 10920813…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EPastro-ph.GA

The Solar Neighborhood LVI: The RMSTAR Catalog of the Nearest 3352 M Dwarf Systems and 305 of their Wide Companions

Madison R. LeBlanc, Tim M. Johns, Todd J. Henry, Kenneth J. Slatten, Jennifer G. Winters, Wei-Chun Jao, Aman Kar, Michele L. Silverstein et al.

We present the RMSTAR (RECONS M STAR) catalog, a 25 pc volume-limited and effectively volume-complete sample of the nearest 3352 M dwarf systems and their 305 wide stellar and 9 brown dwarf companions. RMSTAR has been created using only results from \textit{Gaia} Data Releases 3 (GDR3) and 2 (GDR2), \textit{Hipparcos}, and ground-based discoveries of M dwarf systems that are not available in the space-based results. The wide companions are identified using only results from GDR3 and GDR2, and ha…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EPastro-ph.GA

The Solar Neighborhood LVI: The RMSTAR Catalog of the Nearest 3352 M Dwarf Systems and 305 of their Wide Companions

Madison R. LeBlanc, Tim M. Johns, Todd J. Henry, Kenneth J. Slatten, Jennifer G. Winters, Wei-Chun Jao, Aman Kar, Michele L. Silverstein et al.

We present the RMSTAR (RECONS M STAR) catalog, a 25 pc volume-limited and effectively volume-complete sample of the nearest 3352 M dwarf systems and their 305 wide stellar and 9 brown dwarf companions. RMSTAR has been created using only results from Gaia Data Releases 3 (GDR3) and 2 (GDR2), Hipparcos, and ground-based discoveries of M dwarf systems that are not available in the space-based results. The wide companions are identified using only results from GDR3 and GDR2, and have separations $ρ\…

astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GA

Uncovering New Ionized Winds and Relativistic Hot Outflows in MCG-6-30-15 with \emph{Chandra} HETG and a Bayesian Framework

Erika B. Hoffman, Anna Ogorzałek, Christopher S. Reynolds, Lia Corrales

Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) feedback plays a key role in galaxy evolution. Highly ionized outflows, detected in X-ray absorption, are a promising candidate for quasar-mode feedback. We present a new Bayesian analysis of 0.65 Ms of \emph{Chandra} High Energy Transmission Gratings (HETG) observations of MCG-6-30-15 from 2000 and 2004. Our approach detects new wind components, improving estimates of outflow demographics and impact. These include a hot ultra-fast outflow (UFO; 0.08c), recently conf…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP

Can Auroral Heating Explain Brown Dwarf Thermal Inversions?

Anna Zuckerman, James Mang, J. Sebastian Pineda, Caroline V. Morley, David Brain

Recent modeling of the JWST spectra of the Y-dwarf CWISEPJ193518.59-154620.3 (Faherty et al. 2024; Suárez et al. 2025) and the T-dwarf SIMPJ013656.5+093347.3 (Nasedkin et al. 2025) indicates the presence of a thermal inversion in their atmospheres, implying an additional source of heating. Auroral energy deposition has been proposed as a potential mechanism. In this work, we model auroral energy deposition processes and the resulting atmospheric response to assess whether physically motivated au…

astro-ph.SRastro-ph.EP

Predicting Macroturbulence in F/G/K Dwarfs to 100 m/s Precision

Jack Lubin, Erik Petigura, Kento Masuda, Samuel Halverson, Isabel Angelo, Daniel Huber, Michael L. Palumbo, Songhu Wang et al.

We leverage the high resolution and spectral stability of the Keck Planet Finder (KPF) spectrograph to investigate macroturbulence broadening via the stellar cross-correlation function (CCF). As our calibration sample, we use main sequence benchmark slow-rotators v$\sin$i < 4 km/s where rotation rates were derived from the most robust asteroseismic mode splitting measurements, independent from spectral line broadening. We fit a linear relationship for macroturbulence as a function of derived $ν_…

astro-ph.COastro-ph.GA

A reanalysis of the megamaser Hubble constant: from spot catalogues to peculiar velocities

Richard Stiskalek, Harry Desmond

The Hubble tension motivates careful scrutiny of the redshift-independent distances underpinning the local distance ladder. Water megamasers afford a purely geometric distance from orbital dynamics in an accretion disc. For five of the six Megamaser Cosmology Project (MCP) galaxies, we present a Bayesian forward model that infers the angular-diameter distance and warped Keplerian disc parameters jointly from the very long baseline interferometry quasi-observables: maser spot positions, velocitie…

astro-ph.SR

Frequent X-class Far UV Flares from a Young Solar Analog DS Tucanae A

Tristen Sextro, Kevin France, Vladimir Airapetian, Grace Sweetak, Randall McEntaffer, Kosuke Namekata, Yuta Notsu

The young solar analog DS Tuc A (~45 million years old, spectral type G6V) serves as an excellent proxy to the Sun during early stages of the Earth's evolution. The young Sun's enhanced magnetic activity in the form of X-ray and extreme UV emission, stellar wind, and flares likely affected the magnetospheric and atmospheric environments of early Venus, Earth and Mars. Studies of DS Tuc A help constrain evolution of magnetospheric and atmospheric environments of early Venus, Earth, and Mars and c…

astro-ph.GA

A dense, metal-rich absorber driven by a heavily dust-obscured galaxy: The direct evidence of CGM enrichment at $z\sim7$

Qinyue Fei, Seiji Fujimoto, Gabriel Brammer, Lise Christensen, Marianne Vestergaard, Rohan P. Naidu, Robert A. Simcoe, Norman Murray et al.

We report the serendipitous discovery of a dense, metal-enriched circumgalactic medium (CGM) absorber at z=7.03, together with its host galaxy, identified along the sightline toward a red quasar. The absorber exhibits the largest rest-frame equivalent widths and column densities observed to date at z>5, tracing a metal-enriched gaseous halo. Using deep JWST/NIRSpec and NOEMA observations, we characterize the absorber's physical properties and identify its host, ND1, as a vigorously star-forming…

astro-ph.GA

A dense, metal-rich absorber driven by a heavily dust-obscured galaxy: The direct evidence of CGM enrichment at $z\sim7$

Qinyue Fei, Seiji Fujimoto, Gabriel Brammer, Lise Christensen, Marianne Vestergaard, Rohan P. Naidu, Robert A. Simcoe, Norman Murray et al.

We report the serendipitous discovery of a dense, metal-enriched circumgalactic medium (CGM) absorber at z=7.03, together with its host galaxy, identified along the sightline toward a red quasar. The absorber exhibits the largest rest-frame equivalent widths and column densities observed to date at z>5, tracing a metal-enriched gaseous halo. Using deep JWST/NIRSpec and NOEMA observations, we characterize the absorber's physical properties and identify its host, ND1, as a vigorously star-forming…

astro-ph.EP

Evidence for an Extended Hydrogen Outflow on WASP-12 b

Morgan Saidel, Shreyas Vissapragada, Heather A. Knutson, Aaron Householder, Morgan MacLeod, Adam Jensen, Howard Isaacson, Judah Van Zandt et al.

Recent observations of atmospheric escape from planets orbiting early-type stars indicate that planets with higher Roche filling factors have significantly higher mass loss rates. For three of these planets, full-orbit observations have revealed the presence of large leading and trailing tails of escaping planetary material. These 3D outflow geometries encode information about the underlying outflow physics, and can also be used to constrain their stellar wind properties and to predict their lon…

gr-qcastro-ph.COastro-ph.IM

Massively parallel transdimensional sampling with data assimilation: an application to LISA galactic binaries

Gabriele Demasi, Walter Del Pozzo

Transdimensional Bayesian inference is becoming a key ingredient in gravitational-wave astronomy. In many relevant applications, the number of components needed to describe the data is not known a priori and must be inferred jointly with their parameters. We present a transdimensional Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) framework designed to exploit massive parallelism. The method evolves a population of particles through a sequence of tempered distributions and uses the No-U-Turn Sampler for the explo…

astro-ph.GAastro-ph.HE

Chandra Lensing-cluster Ultradeep Extragalactic Survey (CLUES) I: A 2 Ms Point-Source Catalog of the Abell 2744 Field

Shouyi Wang, Fan Zou, Elena Gallo, Bin Luo, W. N. Brandt, Yuxuan Pang, Tommaso Treu, Xue-Bing Wu et al.

In the first paper of the Chandra Lensing-cluster Ultradeep Extragalactic Survey (CLUES), we present an ultradeep 2 Ms X-ray survey of the Abell 2744 field constructed from 101 archival Chandra ACIS-I observations. With an exposure comparable to the Chandra Deep Fields and further boosted by strong-lensing magnification from the Abell 2744 cluster at $z=0.3$, this field represents the third deepest extragalactic X-ray survey of the sky and also has rich synergy with extensive coverage by the Hub…

hep-phastro-ph.COastro-ph.HEhep-ex

WIMPs with Enhanced Annihilation from a Feebly Interacting Unstable Partner

Chance Hoskinson, Pearl Sandick, Barmak Shams Es Haghi

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) constitute one of the best-motivated dark matter (DM) candidates. In this study, we consider a simple extension of the WIMP paradigm in which WIMPs are coupled to a heavier particle that interacts only with them and can decay into WIMPs. In the early Universe, when WIMPs are in thermal equilibrium with the Standard Model (SM) bath, they serve as a portal to populate the heavy partner through inverse decays. Depending on the lifetime of the partner par…

physics.space-ph

Alfvénicity and Proximity to Parallel-Mode Marginal Stability in the Slow Solar Wind

Mani K Chettri, Rupak Mukherjee, Hemam D. Singh

The proton temperature anisotropy in the solar wind is bounded by the thresholds of pressure-anisotropy-driven kinetic instabilities, and the distance at which the plasma settles from these thresholds is thought to be regulated by compressive fluctuations through the fluctuating anisotropy effect. We test whether the level of Alfvénicity is associated with this distance in the slow solar wind. Using five years of Wind/SWE bi-Maxwellian proton measurements (2004--2008), we separate slow-wind inte…